?????

百度四是抓好城乡融合发展。

????? (?????: ) ? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??. ????? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??. ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???.

????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???. ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? (oblate spheroid) ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???. ^[?]

? ????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? (magnetosphere) ?????? ??. ? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???. ???????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???.^[?]

????? ?? (Pioneer 10) ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? (robotic spacecraft) ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? (Voyager) ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ??????????? (New Horizons) ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? (Juno) ?? ?? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ????. ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? (? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ???????) ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]^[?]

? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? (zeta) ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? (? ????? ????? ?????? ???) ???? ??.^[?]^[?]

????? ??????????

????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? (?????? ?????) ????. ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?.??? ^{????/ ????? ??? ????} ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ??? ??.^[??]^[??]

?????

? ????? ?????? ??? (????????) ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????? ? ??? (????????) ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??. ? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???. ? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???. ? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???. ? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???.^[??]^[??]^[??]

? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????? ? ?????? (spectroscopy) ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???. ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? (ice giants) ??? ????.^[??]^[??]

? ????? ??????

????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? "?????? ? ???????" ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??.^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]

? ?????? ??????

? ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? – ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? – ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??. ? ??? ??????? ? ???? (??? ?????? ?? ???????) ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ^[??]

? ????? ???

????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??. ? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??.

??????

↑ Saumon, D.; Guillot, T. (2004). "Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn". The Astrophysical Journal. 609 (2): 1170–1180. arXiv:astro-ph/0403393. Bibcode:2004ApJ...609.1170S. doi:10.1086/421257. S2CID 119325899.
↑ Amateur Astronomer Discovers New Moon Orbiting Jupiter, Smithsonian Magazine, July 22, 2021
↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 10". NASA Solar System Exploration. ?????? ?? February 9, 2020. Pioneer 10, the first NASA mission to the outer planets, garnered a series of firsts perhaps unmatched by any other robotic spacecraft in the space era: the first vehicle placed on a trajectory to escape the solar system into interstellar space; the first spacecraft to fly beyond Mars; the first to fly through the asteroid belt; the first to fly past Jupiter; and the first to use all-nuclear electrical power
↑ "Exploration | Jupiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. ?????? ?? February 9, 2020.
↑ Chang, Kenneth (July 5, 2016). "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter's Orbit". The New York Times. ?????? ?? July 5, 2016.
↑ Chang, Kenneth (June 30, 2016). "All Eyes (and Ears) on Jupiter". The New York Times. ?????? ?? July 1, 2016.
↑ Chang, Kenneth (14 June 2021). "Mushballs and a Great Blue Spot: What Lies Beneath Jupiter's Pretty Clouds - NASA's Juno probe is beginning an extended mission that may not have been possible if it hadn't experienced engine trouble when it first arrived at the giant planet". The New York Times. ?????? ?? 16 June 2021.
↑
↑ Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780871692337. It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ P.Oxy. ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name.
↑ Denecke, Edward J. (January 7, 2020). Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science—Physical Setting 2020. Barrons Educational Series. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-5062-5399-2.
↑ Polyanin, Andrei D.; Chernoutsan, Alexei (October 18, 2010). A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences. CRC Press. p. 1041. ISBN 978-1-4398-0640-1.
↑ Kim, S. J.; Caldwell, J.; Rivolo, A. R.; Wagner, R. (1985). "Infrared Polar Brightening on Jupiter III. Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS Experiment". Icarus. 64 (2): 233–248. Bibcode:1985Icar...64..233K. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(85)90201-5.
↑ Gautier, D.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, M.; Hanel, R.; Kunde, V.; Chedin, A.; Scott N. (1981). "The helium abundance of Jupiter from Voyager". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (A10): 8713–8720. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.8713G. doi:10.1029/JA086iA10p08713. hdl:2060/19810016480.
↑ Kunde, V. G.; et al. (September 10, 2004). "Jupiter's Atmospheric Composition from the Cassini Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment". Science. 305 (5690): 1582–1586. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1582K. doi:10.1126/science.1100240. PMID 15319491. S2CID 45296656. ?????? ?? April 4, 2007.
↑ von Zahn, U.; Hunten, D. M.; Lehmacher, G. (1998). "Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe Helium Interferometer Experiment". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (E10): 22815–22829. Bibcode:1998JGR...10322815V. doi:10.1029/98JE00695.
↑ Niemann, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Carignan, G. R.; Donahue, T. M.; Haberman, J. A.; Harpold, D. N.; Hartle, R. E.; Hunten, D. M.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Owen, T. C.; Spencer, N. W.; Way, S. H. (1996). "The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's Atmosphere". Science. 272 (5263): 846–849. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..846N. doi:10.1126/science.272.5263.846. PMID 8629016. S2CID 3242002.
↑ Amateur Astronomer Discovers New Moon Orbiting Jupiter, Smithsonian Magazine, July 22, 2021
↑ Sheppard, Scott S. "The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page". Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Carnegie Institution for Science. ????? ??? ?? the original on June 7, 2009. ?????? ?? December 19, 2014.
↑ Zimmermann, Kim Ann (October 1, 2018). "Jupiter's Moons: Facts About the Largest Jovian Moons". Space.com. ?????? ?? December 31, 2020.
↑ Carter, Jamie (2015). A Stargazing Program for Beginners. Springer International Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-3-319-22072-7.
↑ Musotto, S.; Varadi, F.; Moore, W. B.; Schubert, G. (2002). "Numerical simulations of the orbits of the Galilean satellites". Icarus. 159 (2): 500–504. Bibcode:2002Icar..159..500M. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6939. ????? ??? ?? the original on 2025-08-14. ?????? ?? 2025-08-14.

[coreuncertainty_2004-1] Saumon, D.; Guillot, T. (2004). "Shock Compression of Deuterium and the Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn". The Astrophysical Journal. 609 (2): 1170–1180. arXiv:astro-ph/0403393. Bibcode:2004ApJ...609.1170S. doi:10.1086/421257. S2CID 119325899.

[80moons-2] Amateur Astronomer Discovers New Moon Orbiting Jupiter, Smithsonian Magazine, July 22, 2021

[pioneer10-3] "In Depth | Pioneer 10". NASA Solar System Exploration. ?????? ?? February 9, 2020. Pioneer 10, the first NASA mission to the outer planets, garnered a series of firsts perhaps unmatched by any other robotic spacecraft in the space era: the first vehicle placed on a trajectory to escape the solar system into interstellar space; the first spacecraft to fly beyond Mars; the first to fly through the asteroid belt; the first to fly past Jupiter; and the first to use all-nuclear electrical power

[4] "Exploration | Jupiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. ?????? ?? February 9, 2020.

[NYT-20160705-5] Chang, Kenneth (July 5, 2016). "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter's Orbit". The New York Times. ?????? ?? July 5, 2016.

[NYT-20160630-6] Chang, Kenneth (June 30, 2016). "All Eyes (and Ears) on Jupiter". The New York Times. ?????? ?? July 1, 2016.

[NY-20210614-7] Chang, Kenneth (14 June 2021). "Mushballs and a Great Blue Spot: What Lies Beneath Jupiter's Pretty Clouds - NASA's Juno probe is beginning an extended mission that may not have been possible if it hadn't experienced engine trouble when it first arrived at the giant planet". The New York Times. ?????? ?? 16 June 2021.

[8] ↑

[jones-1999-9] Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780871692337. It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ P.Oxy. ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name.

[10] Denecke, Edward J. (January 7, 2020). Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science—Physical Setting 2020. Barrons Educational Series. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-5062-5399-2.

[11] Polyanin, Andrei D.; Chernoutsan, Alexei (October 18, 2010). A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences. CRC Press. p. 1041. ISBN 978-1-4398-0640-1.

[12] Kim, S. J.; Caldwell, J.; Rivolo, A. R.; Wagner, R. (1985). "Infrared Polar Brightening on Jupiter III. Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS Experiment". Icarus. 64 (2): 233–248. Bibcode:1985Icar...64..233K. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(85)90201-5.

[voyager-13] Gautier, D.; Conrath, B.; Flasar, M.; Hanel, R.; Kunde, V.; Chedin, A.; Scott N. (1981). "The helium abundance of Jupiter from Voyager". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (A10): 8713–8720. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.8713G. doi:10.1029/JA086iA10p08713. hdl:2060/19810016480.

[cassini-14] Kunde, V. G.; et al. (September 10, 2004). "Jupiter's Atmospheric Composition from the Cassini Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment". Science. 305 (5690): 1582–1586. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1582K. doi:10.1126/science.1100240. PMID 15319491. S2CID 45296656. ?????? ?? April 4, 2007.

[galileo_ms-15] von Zahn, U.; Hunten, D. M.; Lehmacher, G. (1998). "Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe Helium Interferometer Experiment". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (E10): 22815–22829. Bibcode:1998JGR...10322815V. doi:10.1029/98JE00695.

[16] Niemann, H. B.; Atreya, S. K.; Carignan, G. R.; Donahue, T. M.; Haberman, J. A.; Harpold, D. N.; Hartle, R. E.; Hunten, D. M.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Owen, T. C.; Spencer, N. W.; Way, S. H. (1996). "The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's Atmosphere". Science. 272 (5263): 846–849. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..846N. doi:10.1126/science.272.5263.846. PMID 8629016. S2CID 3242002.

[80moons2-17] Amateur Astronomer Discovers New Moon Orbiting Jupiter, Smithsonian Magazine, July 22, 2021

[shep-main-18] Sheppard, Scott S. "The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page". Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Carnegie Institution for Science. ????? ??? ?? the original on June 7, 2009. ?????? ?? December 19, 2014.

[19] Zimmermann, Kim Ann (October 1, 2018). "Jupiter's Moons: Facts About the Largest Jovian Moons". Space.com. ?????? ?? December 31, 2020.

[20] Carter, Jamie (2015). A Stargazing Program for Beginners. Springer International Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-3-319-22072-7.

[21] Musotto, S.; Varadi, F.; Moore, W. B.; Schubert, G. (2002). "Numerical simulations of the orbits of the Galilean satellites". Icarus. 159 (2): 500–504. Bibcode:2002Icar..159..500M. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6939. ????? ??? ?? the original on 2025-08-14. ?????? ?? 2025-08-14.

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